公开密钥加密


公开密钥加密 (正體)

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A big random number is used to make a public-key pair.
Anyone can encrypt using the public key, but only the holder of the private key can decrypt. Secrecy depends on the secrecy of the private key.
Using a private key to encrypt (thus signing) a message; anyone can check the signature using the public key. Validity depends on private key security.
By combining your own private key with the other users public key you can calculate a shared secret that only the two of you know. The shared secret can be used as the key for a symmetric cipher.

公开密钥加密也称为非对称密钥加密,该加密算法使用两个不同的密钥:加密密钥和解密密钥。前者公开,又称公开密钥,简称公钥。后者保密,又称私有密钥,简称私钥。这两个密钥是数学相关的,用某用户加密密钥加密后所得的信息只能用该用户的解密密钥才能解密。RSA算法(由发明者Rivest,Shmir和Adleman姓氏首字母缩写而来)是著名的公开密钥加密算法。

公钥加密的另一用途是身份验证:用私钥加密的信息,可以用公钥拷贝对其解密,接收者由此可知这条信息确实来自于拥有私钥的某人。

公钥的形式就是数字证书

优点

与对称密钥加密相比,优点在于无需共享的通用密钥,解密的私钥不发往任何用户。即使公钥在网上被截获,如果没有与其匹配的私钥,也无法解密,所截获的公钥是没有任何用处的。

过程

Asymmetric encryption system

假设两个用户A,B进行通信,公钥为c,私钥为d,明文为x.

1:A用公钥对明文进行加密形成密文c(x),然后传输密文;

2:B收到密文,用私钥对密文进行解密d(c(x)),得到要通信的明文x。







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