小干扰RNA
小干扰RNA (正體)
培养环境下的哺乳动物细胞中,经由siRNA传达的RNA干扰机制。
小干扰RNA(Small interfering RNA;siRNA)有时称为短干扰RNA(short interfering RNA)或沉默RNA(silencing RNA),是一个长20到25个核苷酸的双股RNA,在生物学上有许多不同的用途。目前已知siRNA主要参与RNA干扰(RNAi)现象,以带有专一性的方式调节基因的表达。此外,也参与一些与RNAi相关的反应途径,例如抗病毒机制或是染色质结构的改变。不过这些复杂机制的反应途径目前尚未明了。
siRNA最早是由英国的大卫·包孔博(David Baulcombe)团队发现,是植物中的后转录基因沉默(post-transcriptional gene silencing;PTGS)现象的一部分[1],其研究结果发表于《科学》[2]。2001年,汤玛士·涂许尔(Thomas Tuschl)团队发现合成的siRNA,可诱导哺乳动物体内的RNAi作用[3],结果发表于《科学》[4]。这项发现引发了利用可控制的RNAi,来进行生物医学研究与药物开发的方法。
结构
siRNA通常是一段长21个核苷酸的双股RNA(dsRNA),其两股分别在RNA的两端超出另一端2个核苷酸,图示如下:

每一股各有一个5'磷酸基末端与一个3'羟基末端。此结构是利用一种称为dicer的酶处理而得,这种酶可以将较长的双股RNA或小发夹RNA(small hairpin RNA)切成siRNA[5]。此外,siRNA也可经由多种不同转染(transfection)技术导入细胞内,并对特定基因产生具专一性的敲弱(knockdown)效果。因此可利用经过适当剪裁的siRNA之互补性,来对已知序列的基因进行标定,这种现象使siRNA成为研究基因功能与药物目标的一项重要工具。
参见
参考文献
- ^ Hamilton A, Baulcombe D (1999). "A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants". Science 286 (5441): 950-2. PMID 10542148.
- ^ Hamilton A, Baulcombe D (1999). "A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants". Science 286 (5441): 950-2. PMID 10542148.
- ^ Elbashir S, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T (2001). "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells". Nature 411 (6836): 494-8. PMID 11373684.
- ^ Elbashir S, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T (2001). "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells". Nature 411 (6836): 494-8. PMID 11373684.
- ^ Bernstein E, Caudy A, Hammond S, Hannon G (2001). "Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference". Nature 409 (6818): 363-6. PMID 11201747.
概观:
- Hannon G, Rossi J (2004). "Unlocking the potential of the human genome with RNA interference". Nature 431 (7006): 371-8. PMID 15372045.
- Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery M, Kostas S, Driver S, Mello C (1998). "Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans". Nature 391 (6669): 806-11. PMID 9486653. The original paper by Fire et al. describing RNAi
- Elbashir S, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (2001). "RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs". Genes Dev 15 (2): 188-200. PMID 11157775.
- Zamore P, Tuschl T, Sharp P, Bartel D (2000). "RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals". Cell 101 (1): 25-33. PMID 10778853.
- Hamilton A, Baulcombe D (1999). "A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants". Science 286 (5441): 950-2. PMID 10542148. First description of siRNAs.
非专一性效用:
- Zhang Z, Weinschenk T, Guo K, Schluesener H (2006). "siRNA binding proteins of microglial cells: PKR is an unanticipated ligand". J Cell Biochem 97 (6): 1217-29. PMID 16315288.
- Kim D, Behlke M, Rose S, Chang M, Choi S, Rossi J (2005). "Synthetic dsRNA Dicer substrates enhance RNAi potency and efficacy". Nat Biotechnol 23 (2): 222-6. PMID 15619617.
- Sledz C, Williams B (2004). "RNA interference and double-stranded-RNA-activated pathways". Biochem Soc Trans 32 (Pt 6): 952-6. PMID 15506933.
- Pebernard S, Iggo R (2004). "Determinants of interferon-stimulated gene induction by RNAi vectors". Differentiation 72 (2-3): 103-11. PMID 15066190.
- Sledz C, Holko M, de Veer M, Silverman R, Williams B (2003). "Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs". Nat Cell Biol 5 (9): 834-9. PMID 12942087.
外部链接
设计与定性工具:
数据库:
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